Stern, Károly (1931) In Tér és Forma, 10, pp. 331-334
ENG The “Collective House” exhibition of The Hungarian CIRPAC unit
The sun, the air and the spacious, bright living spaces are undeniable preconditions for a healthy human condition. This “new” realization has led to a growing number of detached family houses with gardens, which have proved to be excellent in many respects and have provided many lucky owners with advantages that cannot be provided in city tenements. The idea of placing the majority of the urban population in family garden houses is still facing economic difficulties for the time being. But the question is whether this objective is at all right, whether it represents the perfect solution in all respects for the placement of the industrial population longing for nature and whether it is desirable for future urban development that inhabitants live in their own homes with a garden?
The answer to this interesting question is best given by the calculations of Prof. Friedberger, the director of the Hygienic Research Institute of Emperor William of Berlin-Dahlem. He examined the average financial burden of a family of four living in the periphery in Berlin working in the city. He calculated that travel costs would amount to 41.60 marks per month, which is 139% of a 30-mark salary during the peace years. If we increase this amount by only 3.5% over 25 years, we get 19,000 marks, which is exactly double the cost of a family home. He goes on to show that with just a half hour of travel to and from work every day, 2.2 million workers in Berlin lose 37.5 million 8-hour days a year, or 30 years of work. As we can see, the distance from the workplace to the residential house, which is inevitable in a city developing on the basis of family garden houses, is an inevitable burden. If we take this now, let’s take the expensive utilities, road, sewer, plumbing, etc. costs, transport difficulties rising in direct proportion to the horizontal development of the city, we get the answer to the question raised.
It is possible that the typology of the contemporary tenements with suspended galleries is the ideal solution for architects and their urban planning ideas? – could be some peoples question. Well, no. In fact, the need for future development leads to high-rise construction. But these 10 to 12-story buildings will be radically different both in division and distribution from New York’s admirable skyscrapers, the Hamburg-, Chile and Ballinhaus, as well as from the Social Security’s “postboxes”.
Today’s ubiquity of stone will disappear, and the current dark courtyard tenements will be replaced by blocks of 10-12 floors high in the midst of gardens, reach by the sunlight from all sides.
Walter Gropius’s calculations show that in the case of 2-3-4-5-6-10 storey houses with the same base area, the number of floors not only lead to more inhabitants, but improves the angle for sunlight allowing for more possible free space between the rows of houses.
The slogan “we go out into the green” will not be a Sunday experience, but a regular daily necessity, because of the gardens, flowers inbetween the houses and the flat roofs also covered with plants. But heightened individual needs can only be achieved by running a centralized, collective household. The big cleaning will no be no more, as well as the inconsolable image of women carrying coal from the cellar to the heating, the endless dusting and washing that takes away half of the housewives’ lives, and the thousands of small inconveniences in the household around cooking. Machines that cannot be purchased by the individual, centralized care and maintenance works will save time and material costs. The commonly purchased gym equipment, typewriters and calculators, libraries, large common lounges and reading rooms, and bathrooms will serve convenience and comfort for residents in their heightened lifestyles. Shared nannies and teachers would take away the struggles from the working mothers.
The collective house itself (designed by the CIRPAC section) consists of two 8-storey residential wings, between which there are one-storey and two-storey common areas for all 800 residents. At the collective house exhibition organized within the framework of the Autumn Household and Furnishings Fair, the rooms on one floor of the residential wings were presented, mostly in real size and with original equipment. The common parts, however, are shown in the college plan provided in the appendix. The main parts of this are: 1. entrance and connecting hall between the two residential houses, from which apart from the necessary concierge, offices, wardrobe, etc. there are two areas: 2. the “club”, reading, study and library rooms; and (3) the fully glazed spaces for all inhabitants suitable for meetings, presentations, celebrations and sport activities. This, of course, includes changing rooms, showers, preparation and storage rooms, some of which are located in the basement. On the other side of the connecting hall opens the (4) restaurant for 400 people and behind it the (5) kitchen facilities, with pantries, etc. Below in the basement are the laundry, dryer, ironing room etc. and finally on the south side of the building a children’s day care home, (6) which is directly connected to “children’s nets” and separate lifts. Other common terraces (7) hanging gardens, gyms and showers occupying all the roofs can also be listed here.
- The residential pair of units were presented at the exhibition. The basic idea is to provide an almost unimaginable privacy for inhabitants, ueven compared to large-size bourgeois apartments. The poor man can never be alone, says Tucholsky: he is born together in a clinic, or in the presence of a great family in a small room, he grows up with “bedrunners” and in his adulthood he is lucky to have his own bed. His world is the tenement, the noisy doorway, the quarrelsome corridors, the children’s screaming and radio noise. His life is determined by the streets and the hellish noise of machines, and when it comes to an end: he is moved with others into a one-person casket. The “bourgeois” apartment, with its old-fashioned layout, where every room is like a “passage” where family members and staff are constantly disturbing and disturbed, is also not suitable for a quiet retreat. In the collective house, where 800 people live together, its inhabitant finds solitude at any moment. Opening from the noiseless corridors there are always pair of rooms, of which 48 per floor, for 2 people each. At the Frankfurt Congress on New Construction, Walter Gropius stated in a resolution that every adult should be provided with a separate room, no matter how small, it should be just well made. Space can be minimized if a maximum of sun, air and views are provided. According to scientific evaluation of the exhibited units there is just enough space for an adult. To save money, between 2 units there are common washbasins and bathrooms, through which the residents can pass through. The furniture of the cell consists of four parts: (1) bed; (2) built-in wardrobe for clothes and larger space for larger items; (3). under the window a table, a shelf, and a closet for work items, books, etc. (in the female part, of course, this is slightly different); (4) seating furniture.
- Gym. A place dedicated to “performing movements that improve the condition of the body” and help “refreshing” it. The ribbed wall, boxing ball, rowing machine, dumbbells serve as a means to exercise the muscles. A large openable window allows for ventiliation and circulation of the air “needed for increased breathing”, a cold shower helps to reduce dilated blood vessels and blood pressure, and cools the body. 3. Children’s room. It’s concept differs from that of the individual children’s room, which counteracts the later “oh, it is the children’s room”. Its aim is, on the one hand, to help the breadwinning mother in the burden of upbringing, on the other hand to save the children, who are occupied also with other activities, from disturbances during their education, and to place them under the influence of more “professional, specialized forces”. But this is only possible in the right environment. When we looked at the childcare at the Kolház exhibition, we see a clear plan with large windows and pleasant, hygienic furnishings. The beds made of tubular metal are placed near the window. On the entrance wall there are the lockers, which contain separate compartments for children that can be locked with a small door. In the lower part we placed tables and versatile objects for playing purposes. The other cabinet is meant for storing the items necessary for the supervisors. One or two seats and tables complete the setting. Quartz lamps and movie projectors serve the need for physical and mental development.
- Kitchen-dining room. On each floor there is a combined kitchen-dining room with a minimum size of for late arrivals, guests and people “feeling weak”. The example presented at the exhibition serves once and for all for the education of the authorities. Current regulations, in fact, make it difficult to build desperatedly needed minimum flats by requiring an area of 10 m2 for the kitchen, when a very good kitchen equipment, as you can see, could fit in only 4 m2. Saving space in the kitchen also means saving work. The goal is to make everything accessible and reachable from a sitting position. Stove, sink, dish rack, work table, sideboard and combined in one furface. There is also no locker behind us in the dining room, no maid has to walk between the chairs, so there is enough space. With a hand distance from the built-in sideboard, the food can be served on the table, glasses can be picked up, are there is no need to shout for the missing knife; each compartment, each drawer opens from two sides: the kitchen and the dining room: What we put in clean on one side we take it out of on the other for us. After use we put it back and it can be directly taken at the sink for washing-up the dishes. The whole actually consists of a single piece of furniture that serves the two functions together, combining the kitchen and dining cabinet.
- The small common room. The solution of a difficult task was achieved when, on the one hand, the moumental shared lounge, music, work spaces etc. of the Kolház became the “teaser for available minimal area”, and, on the other hand the comfort of circulation space was upheld.
- The telephone and “registry” booth, where the residents of the whole floor keep their common documents, where they have a typewriter and calculator.
- A small music booth on each floor with radio, gramophone, piano, etc. and at the same time, in addition to the sheet music, the resident can find a small library.
It is worth mentioning that not only the shapes, concepts and designs were new at the exhibition, but also the materials. Trolitax, premoid, becilla, new tubular furirniture made in Budapest, hygienic celluloid coverings were used for the first time or in a novel application to the general public. And finally, another important aspect. The exhibition was not only a presentation of a collective house, but also a collective one. A group of young architects and craftsmen, without actual management, in an equal division of labor. Yet the result was uniform, uniform, as if designed and executed by one single hand. István Bakos, György Dóczi, Lajos Lengyel, Farkas Molnár, Zoltán Révész. Report by Károly Stern.
HU A CIRPAC magyar szekció “Kollektiv-Ház” kiállítása
Tagadhatatlan előfeltételei az egészséges emberi tartózkodásnak a nap, a levegő és a tágas, világos lakóterek. Ez az „új” felismerés vezetett a mindjobban erősbödő családi kertes kislakásépítkezésekhez, melyek sok tekintetben kitűnően beváltak s számos, a városi bérházakban nem nyújtható előnyt biztosítottak szerencsés tulajdonosaiknak. A gondolat, hogy a városi lakosság jórészét családi kertházakba helyezzük el, egyelőre még gazdasági nehézségekbe ütközik. De kérdés, hogy ez a célkitűzés egyáltalában helyes-e s ez, a minden tekintetben a tökéletes megoldása a természet után vágyódó ipari lakosság elhelyezésének s a jövendő városképzés szempontjából kívánatos-e, hogy lakói saját kertes otthonukban lakjanak?
Ez érdekes kérdésre a választ legtalálóbban Prof. Friedbergernek, a berlin-dahlemi Vilmos császár higiénikus kutató intézet igazgatójának számításai adják. Vizsgálat alá vette egy berlini négytagú, a perifériákon lakó, a városban dolgozó családnak átlagos megterhelését. Számításai szerint az utazási költségek havonta 41.60 márkát tennének ki, ami egy 30 márkás békebeli bérnek 139%-a. Ha ezt az összeget 25 évre vonatkoztatva csupán 3.5%-al tők.s.tjük, úgy 19.000 márkát kapunk, ami éppen duplája egy családi kislakás költségeinek. Továbbiakban kimutatja, hogy naponként csupán 1/2 órai utazást számítva a munkahelyhez és vissza 2.2 millió berlini dolgozónál évente 37.5 millió 8 órás munkanap megy veszendőbe, avagy egy 30 év óta dolgozó munkásember életének két munkaéve. Mint látjuk, a munkahelynek a lakóháztól való távolsága, mely pedig a családi kertházak alapján fejlődő városban elkerülhetetlen, milyen nagy tehertételt jelent. Ha most ehhez hozz.vesszük a drága közműveket, út-, csatorna-, vízvezetékrendszer stb. költségeit, a város horizontális fejlődésével egyenes arányban emelkedő közlekedési nehézségeket, megkapjuk a feleletet a felvetett kérdésre.
Csak nem a mai függőfolyosós bérkaszárnyrendszer az ideálja a modern építészek városrendezési elgondolásainak? — kérdezhetnék egyesek. Nos, nem. Tény, hogy a jövő fejlődésének szükségszerűsége a magasépítkezéshez vezet. De ezek a 10—12 emelet magas épületek el fognak ütni úgy beosztásban, mint elhelyezésben Newyork csodált felhőkarcolóitól, Hamburg, Chile és Ballinhausától, sőt még a Társadalombiztosító levélszekrényétől is.
A mai kőrengeteg eltűnik s a jelenlegi zártudvarú, sötét lakású bérházak helyét hatalmas kertekbe épített, 10—12 emelet magas, a napfényt minden oldalról érő háztömbök foglalják el.
Walter Gropius számításaiból kitűnik, hogy azonos alapterületen 2—3—4—5—6—10 emeletes házakban való elhelyezkedés esetén az emeletek számának növekedésével nő a lalkók száma, kedvezőbb lesz a napfény beesésének szöge és önként növekszik a házsorok közti szabad terület: a kert.
A „kimegyünk a zöldbe” jelszó nem lesz vasárnapi élmény, hanem megszokott napi szükséglet, mert zöld kert, virág, a házak közti tér s ugyancsak növényekkel borítottak a házak lapos tetejei. De a felfokozott egyéni igényeket csak központosított, kollektív háztartás vezetésével lehet elérni. Megszűnik a nagymosás, a pincéből a fűtéshez szenet cipelő nők vigasztalan képe, a háziasszonyok fél életét elrabló portörölgetés és mosogatás, főzés s a házi élet ezer apró kellemetlensége. Az egyén által be nem szerezhető gépek, a házanként központosított ellátás és gondozás munkában időt, anyagiakban költségeket takarít meg. De az együttesen beszerzett tornaeszközök, író- és számológépek, könyvtárak, nagy, közös társalgó és olvasószobák, fürdők is a lakók kényelmét és felfokozott életigényeik kielégítését akarják szolgálni. A közös csecsemőgondozók és gyermeknevelők a dolgozó anyák gondját hárítanák el.
Maga a CIRPAC-szekció által tervezett kollektív ház (röv. kolház) két drb 8 emeletes lakószárnyból áll, amelyek közé vannak földszintesek és egyemeletesek építve az összes 800 lakó számára a közös részek. Az Őszi Háztartási és Lakberendezési Vásár keretén belül rendezett kollektív házkiállításon bemutatták a lakószárnyak egy emeletén előforduló helyiségeket, nagyrészt természetes nagyságban és eredeti berendezésekkel. Az említett közös részeket viszont a mellékletben közölt kolház-terven látjuk. Ennek főrészei a következők: 1. vesztibülök és összekötő csarnok a két lakóház között, amelyből a szükséges portás-, iroda-, garderob- stb. helyiségeken kívül két csoportban nyílnak 2. a klub-, olvasó-, tanuló- és könyvtárhelyiségek, továbbá 3. az összlakosságot egyszerre befogadni képes nagy üvegboltozatos terem, amely gyűlésekre, előadásokra, ünnepélyekre, torna- és testgyakorlatokra egyaránt alkalmas. Ehhez tartoznak természetesen öltöző-, zuhanyozó-, előkészítő- és raktárhelyiségek is, melyek részben az alagsorban vannak elhelyezve. Az összekötő csarnok másik oldaláról nyílik a 400 személyes 4. étterem és mögötte 5. a konyhacsoport, kamrákkal stb. Alatta az alagsorban a mosókonyha, szárító-, vasaló- stb. üzem és végül az épület déli oldalán a gyermekek napközi otthona, 6. amely gyermekhálókkal, külön liftekkel közvetlen összeköttetésben áll. Idesorolhatjuk még az összes tetőket elfoglaló közös 7. terraszokat, függőkerteket, tornázó- és zuhanyozóhelyeket.
- A kiállításon bemutatták az 1. a lakóháló cellapárt. Ennek alapgondolata az, hogy még a polgári nagylakásban is elérhetetlen, a szegény ember számára pedig szinte elképzelhetetlen egyedüllétet biztosítsa a kolház lakójának. A szegény ember sohasem lehet egyedül —szegezi le Tucholsky —, klinikán a közösben születik, vagy nagy rokonsága jelenlétében egy kis szobában, az ágyrajárók közt növekszik íel és felnőtt korában még jó, ha saját ágya lehet. Világa a bérkaszárnya, a lármás kapualj, a veszekedős függőfolyosók, gyermekzsivaly és rádióvonítás. Élete az ucca zajában és a gépek pokoli zörejei között folyik le s ha végét járja: ismét csak közösen átkerül az egyszemélyes deszkaotthonba. A polgári lakás, a régimódi beosztásával, melynél minden szoba átjáró ház, ahol állandóan zavarják és nyugtalanítják egymást a családtagok és a személyzet, szintén nem alkalmas a csendes visszavonulás számára. A kollektív házban, ahol 800 ember él együtt, bármely pillanatban megtalálja lakója az egyedüllétet. A zajtalan járású folyosókról nyílnak a lakóháló cellapárok, amelyekből emeletsoronként 48 darab van, 2—2 embertárs számára. Az új építésért tartott frankfurti kongresszuson Walter Gropius mondotta ki határozatban, hogy minden felnőttnek önálló helyiséget kell biztosítani, legyen az bármily kicsi, csak jól legyen elkészítve. A tér minimálisra csökkenthető, ha nap, levegő és szabad természetre nyíló kilátás maximumát nyujtjuk helyette. A kiállításon bemutatott cella tudományos számítások és tapasztalatok szerint éppen elegendő légtér egy felnőtt számára. Takarékosságból 2-2 cella között 1-1 közös mosdó- és fürdőfülkét találunk, amelyen át a lakók közlekedhetnek. A cella bútorzata négy részből áll: 1. fekvőhely; 2. beépített fehérnemű- és ruhaszekrény, felette rakodó hely nagyobb tárgyak számára; 3. az ablak alatt asztal, polc, szekrény, munkára és iratok, könyvek stb elhelyezésére, (a női részen természetesen kissé más); 4. ülőbútorok.
- Tornaszoba. A test kondíciójának emelését célzó mozgások elvégzésére, a test üdítésére fordított hely. Bordásfal, boxlabda, evezők.szül.k, súlyzók szolgálnak eszközül az izmok igénybevételéhez. Nagy szellőző felü-Bánó fotó letű ablak a fokozott légzéshez szüks.ges levegő cirkulációját, a hideg zuhany a kitágult erek és vérnyomás lefokozását, a test hűsítését segítik elő. 3. Gyermekszoba. Felfogása elüt az individuális gyermekszobától, mely később a „na, meglátszik rajta a gyermekszoba” jelző kiérdemlésére szolgáló eszköz. Célja egyrészt a kenyérkereső dolgozó anyát tehermentesíteni a nevelés gondjai alól, ugyanakkor a gyermeket másirányú elfoglaltsággal is terhelt, elidegesített neveléstől megmenteni és szakszerűbb, erre specializált erők hatása alá helyezni. De ez csak megfelelő környezetben lehetséges. Ha megtekintettük a kolház-kiállításon szereplő gyermekgondozót, tiszta, világos tervet láttunk, nagy ablakokkal, kellemes, higiénikus berendezéssel. Az ablak közelében álltak a gyermekágyak, melyek könnyű csőből k.szültek. A bejárati falon fekszenek a szekrények, melyek a gyermekek külön-külön kis ajtóval elzárható rekeszeit foglalják magukban. Az alsó részben 2 asztalkát és játékra sokoldalúan felhasználható testeket helyezünk el. A másik szekrény inkább kellékekés a felügyelő ápoló ézi felszerelési tárgyainak elhelyezésére szolgál. Egy-két ülőbútor és asztalka egészítik ki a berendezést. Kvarclámpa és mozileadógép a testi és szellemi fejlesztés szükségességének eszközéül szolgál.
- Konyha-ebédlő. Minden emeletsoron a későnjövők, vendégek, gyengélkedők számára 1—1 minimálisra méretezett kombinált konyha-ebédlőfülke van. A kiállításon bemutatott példa egyszersmind a hatóságok okulására is szolgálhat. A szabályzatok ugyanis a véresen hiányzó minimális lakások építését azzal is megnehezítik, hogy 10 m2 területet követelnek meg a konyha számára, amikor egy igen jó konyhaberendezés, mint látható volt, 4 m2-en is elfért. A helytakarékosság a konyhánál, munkamegtakarítást is jelent. Cél, hogy ülőhelyzetből minden elérhető és elvégezhető legyen. Azért összefüggő egy felület a tűzhely, mosogató-, edényszárító-, a munkaasztal, a tálaló. Az ebédlőben szintén nem áll lakáj a hátunk mögött, cselédnek sem kell a székek között eljárni, tehát kis hely is elegendő. Egy kéznyúlás a beépített tálalószekrényből, az asztalra kerül az étel, átvehetjük a poharakat, nem kell a hiányzó késért kiabálni; minden rekesz, minden fiók két oldalról nyílik: a konyhából és az ebédlőből. Itt berakjuk tisztán, onnét vesszük elő használatra és az áthúzható fiók direkt a mosogatáshoz viszi használat után. Az egész berendezés tulajdonképpen egyetlen bútordarabból áll, amely a két funkciót közösen szolgálja, egyesíti a konyhaés ebédlőkredencet.
- A kis közös terem. Nehéz feladat volt megoldása akkor, amikor egyrészt az elképzelésnek megfelelő kolház monumentális, közös társalgó-, zene-, dolgozó- stb. helyiségeinek ízelítőjét akarták adni a rendelkezésre álló minimális területen, másrészt a közönség közlekedésére szolgáló helynek a kényelmét igyekeztek fenntartani.
- A telefon- és regiszterfülke, ahol az emelet lakói a közös irományaikat, kézikönyveiket tartják, ahol író-, Számológép áll rendelkezüsükre.
- Egy kis zenefülkét, minden emeleten, ahol rádió, gramofon, zongora stb. áll és egyúttal a kották mellett kis kézikönyvtárt is találhat a lakó.
Megemlítésre méltó, hogy a kiállításon nemcsak a formák, az elgondolások és a kivitelezések voltak újak, hanem a feldolgozásra kerülő anyagok is. Trolitax, premoid, becilla, új, Budapesten gyártott csőbútorok, higiénikus celluloidburkolatok kerültek elsőízben feldolgozva, vagy újszerű alkalmazásukban a nagyközönség elé. S végül még egy fontos szempont. A kiállítás nemcsak egy kollektív háznak a bemutatása volt, hanem kollektíven is készül. Egy csoport fiatal építész és iparos, tényleges vezetés n.lkül, rangsorn.lküli egyenlő munkamegosztásban. Az eredmény mégis egységes, egyöntetű volt, mintha egy kéz tervezte és hajtotta volna végre. Bakos István, Dóczi György, Lengyel Lajos, Molnár Farkas, Révész Zoltán, Stern Károly azok, akik egy közös elvtől vezéreltetve megalkották e kiállítást, mely tehát az együttes munka érdekében is propaganda volt, első alkotása a korképnek, a kooperáló építészeknek, a CIRPAC budapesti szekciójában. Közli: Stern Károly
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